Potassium Chloride And The Molecules Through Semipermeable...

Potassium Iodide Binds to Polysaccharide Molecules through Semipermeable Membrane Introduction: Diffusion is defined at the net movement of molecular substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Beyond that, diffusion can further be divided into two different kinds of net movement of substance to opposing concentration gradients, dialysis and osmosis. Dialysis is defined as the separation of small molecules from large molecules as they pass through a semipermeable membrane (Koerner, 1992). When talking about dialysis, it is most often associated with the function or failure of the kidneys ability to process and rid the body of toxins from the blood. It would prove to be fatal if the kidneys failed to remove the roughly 1,500 liters of waste building up in the body (Nordqvist, 2015). This experiment mimics the nature of a selective plasma membrane and with time, monitors to passing of substances in and out of the barrier. The end results should appear to show a color changing chemical reaction within the more concentrated tube of 15%glucose/1%starch solution. Initially the clear and milky appearance should transform into a black and deep purple hue from the attachment of iodine to the sugar solution. The experiment has been conducted previously yielding various results. External factors affecting the rate of diffusion play a part in this experiment. Heat due to its influence on the thermodynamics of the molecular substances. IncreasingShow MoreRelatedFluid Concept Pro ject Part 21706 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom each other and an explanation will be discussed next. Intracellular fluid is found within the cells of the body, which constitutes approximately 2/3 of the total body fluid in adults† (Trakalo, 2015, p. 336). According to Trakalo (2015), â€Å"Potassium and magnesium are the primary cations in the ICF, while phosphate and sulfate the major anions† (p.336). In intracellular fluid, it contains oxgen, carbon dioxide and dissolved nutrients (Crawford, LippincottNursingCenter ® 2011). ExtracellularRead MoreTransport Proteins on Strike Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pagesof the cell membrane, in a phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipid molecules form two layers, with the hydrophilic (water loving) head facing the extracellular fluid and the cytosol (intracellular) fluid, and the hydrophobic (not water loving) tails facing one another. The cell membrane is constructed in such a way that it is semipermeable, and allows oxygen, CO2 and lipid soluble molecules through easily, while other molecules like glucose, amino acids, water, and ions cannot pass through quite as easilyRead MoreAdvanced Key Terms Of Central Line- Iv Line911 Words   |  4 Pagesnear the heart hypertonic- fluid on the outside of the cell membrane has a greater tonicity and osmotic pull than on the inside of the cell membrane hypotonic- fluid on the outside of the cell membrane has a lesser tonicity and osmotic pull than the fluid on the inside of the cell membrane osmolarity- concentration of solute in the solution osmosis- a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated oneRead MoreFluid Concept Project Part 21173 Words   |  5 Pages Since our body consists of this fluid, it has to have way to move through the body. The means of transportation for this fluid is through either active transport or passive transport. Active transport is the movement of fluid from lower concentration to higher concentration, it requires the use of cellular energy to move up the concentration gradient. Active transport happens through endocytosis, exocytosis, and sodium-potassium pump. Passive transport is the movement of fluid form a higher concentrationRead MoreStudy Guide for Human Nutrition Test2557 Words   |  11 PagesHUN1201 Exam III Study Guide Chapter 14 1) Fuel/energy needs for Physical Activity (different intensities), during and post exercise -Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): o The energy-carrying molecule in the body (ATP must be generated continuously since muscles store only enough ATP for 1–3 secs of activity) -Creatine phosphate (CP): †¢ Stores energy that can be used to make ATP †¢ 3−15 seconds of maximal physical effort *(0-3 sec) 100% ATP/CP *(10-12 sec) 50% ATP/CP 50% Carbohydrates Read MoreEssay about Physioex 3 Review Sheet2459 Words   |  10 PagesPhysiology I - 333738 Fall Term 2010 Larry Chad Winter lwinter@fscj.edu Submitted - 9/18/2010 NAME Mark Graham Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) Chart 1 – Dialysis Results |Membrane (MCWO) | |Solute |20 |50 |100 Read MoreCell Transport Mechanisms8945 Words   |  36 Pages11M01_ZAO2177_01_SE_CH01.QXD 3/4/11 1:36 AM Page 1 E X E R C I S E 1 Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability P R E - L A B Q U I Z 1. Circle the correct term. A passive process, diffusion / osmosis is the movement of solute molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. 2. A solution surrounding a cell is hypertonic if: a. it contains fewer nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell. b. it contains more nonpenetrating soluteRead MoreCell Membrane and Bloom S Category9348 Words   |  38 PagesChapter 6: Cell Membranes TEST FILE QUESTIONS (By Catherine Ueckert) Multiple Choice 1. The compounds in biological membranes that form a barrier to the movement of hydrophilic materials across the membrane are a. integral membrane proteins. b. carbohydrates. c. lipids. d. nucleic acids. e. peripheral membrane proteins. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 6.1 What Is the Structure of a Biological Membrane? Page: 106 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. The plasma membrane of animals containsRead MoreOsmosis10180 Words   |  41 PagesOBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment is to develop an understanding of the molecular basis of diffusion and osmosis and its physiological importance. Students will analyze how solute size and concentration affect diffusion across semi-permeable membranes and how these processes affect water potential. Students will also calculate water potential of plant cells. EDVOTEK, Inc. †¢ 1-800-EDVOTEK †¢ www.edvotek.com EVT 080423AM 2 AP Biology EDVO-Kit # 281 Principles Practice of DiffusionRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pagesintegrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurableevidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimentalstudies to test these hypotheses. Steps in the Scientific Method 1.

Motion Picture Industry Free Essays

Case Problem 2: The Motion Picture Industry This case provides the student with the opportunity to use numerical measures to continue the analysis of the motion picture industry data first presented in Chapter 2. Developing and interpreting descriptive statistics such as the mean, median, standard deviation and range are emphasized. Five-number summaries and the identification of outliers are also of interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Motion Picture Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Interpretations and insights can vary. We illustrate some below. Descriptive Statistics Variable N Mean SE Mean StDev Range Opening Gross 100 9. 8 1. 89 18. 87 108. 43 Total Gross 100 33. 04 6. 32 63. 16 380. 15 Number of Theaters 100 1278 138 1379 3905 Weeks in Top 60 100 8. 680 0. 639 6. 390 26. 000 Variable MinimumQ1 Median Q3 Maximum Opening Gross 0. 0100 0. 0625 0. 395 12. 49 108. 44 Total Gross 0. 0300 0. 375 5. 854 47. 69 380. 18 Number of Theaters 5. 00 45. 3 410 2732 3910 Weeks in Top 60 1. 000 3. 000 7. 00 13. 000 27. 000 Interpretation Opening Weekend Gross Sales. The mean opening weekend gross sales is $9. 38 million. The five-number summary is . 01, . 0625, . 395, 12. 49 and 108. 44. Thus the opening weekend gross sales is highly variable and ranges from a low of $10,000 to a high of $108. 44 million. 50% of the motion pictures had an opening weekend gross sales of $395,000 or less, and 25% had a relatively low opening weekend gross sales of $62,500 or less. The top 25% of the motion pictures had an opening weekend gross sales of $12. 9 million or more. Total Gross Sales. The mean total gross sales is $33. 04 million. The five-number summary is . 03, . 375, 5. 854, 47. 69 and 380. 18. Thus the total gross sales is also highly variable and ranges from a low of $30,000 to a high of $380. 18 million. 50% of the motion pictures had a total gross sales of $5. 854 million or less, and 25% had a relatively low total gross sales of $375,000 or less. The top 25% of the motion pictures had total gross sales of $47. 69 million or more. Number of Theaters. The mean number of theaters for motion pictures is 1278 theaters. The five-number summary is 5, 45. 3, 410, 2732 and 3910. Thus the number of theaters for a motion picture is also highly variable and ranges from a low of 5 theaters to a high of 3910 theaters. 50% of the motion pictures were shown in 410 or fewer theaters. 25% of the motion pictures were shown in 45 or fewer theaters. The top 25% of the motion pictures were shown in 2732 or more theaters. Number of Weeks in Top 60. The mean number of weeks in the top 60 for motion pictures is 8. 8 weeks. The five-number summary is 1, 3, 7, 13 and 27. Thus the number of weeks in the top 60 is also highly variable and ranges from a low of 1 week to a high of 27 weeks. 50% of the motion pictures were on the top 60 list for 7 or fewer weeks. 25% of the motion pictures were on the top 60 list for 3 or fewer weeks. The top 25% of the motion pictures were on the top 60 list for 13 or more weeks. General Observations. The data show that there is a wide variation in the performance of motion pictures for the four variables being studied. Motion pictures range from the low gross sales movies shown in relatively few theaters to the highly successful motion pictures with hundreds of millions in gross sales and playing in almost 4000 theaters. The profiles of motion pictures using the means and medians are shown below. |Profile |Mean |Median | |Opening Weekend Gross Sales |$ 9. 38 million |$ . 395 million | |Total Gross Sales |$33. 04 million |$ 5. 54 million | |Number of Theaters |1278 |410 | |Number of Weeks in Top 60 |8. 68 |7 | The relatively few extremely high performance blockbuster motion pictures tend to inflate the mean in the above profile calculations. The profile based the median gives a better picture of the middle or more typical performance characteristics in the motion picture industry. Outliers We will use outliers to identify the highly successful blockbuster motion pictures in the data set. Using Q3 + 1. 5(IQR) to identify the levels required to qualify as a high performance outlier, we have the following. Opening Weekend Gross Sales Q3 + 1. 5(IQR) = 12. 49 + 1. 5(12. 49 – . 0625) = $31. 13 million Total Gross Sales Q3 + 1. 5(IQR) = 47. 69 + 1. 5(47. 69 – . 375) = $118. 66 million Number of Theaters Q3 + 1. 5(IQR) = 2732 + 1. 5(2732 – 45. 3) = 6762 theaters Number of Weeks on the Top 60 List Q3 + 1. 5(IQR) = 13 + 1. 5(13 – 3) = 28 weeks There are no outliers in terms of the number of theaters or the number of weeks on the top 60 list. There were motion pictures that were high on these two variables, but not high enough to be considered outliers. However, there were six motion pictures that out performed the other motion pictures in terms of reaching outlier levels in opening weekend gross sales and total gross sales. These motions pictures are considered the â€Å"blockbuster† motion pictures in the data set. To be in this category the motion picture had an opening weekend gross sales greater than $31. 13 million and a total gross sales greater than $118. 66 millions. The six blockbuster motion pictures in this category ranked by total gross sales are as follows: |Motion Picture |Opening Gross Sales |Total |Number of |Weeks in Top 60| | |($ millions) |Gross Sales |Theaters | | | | |($ millions) | | | |Star Wars: Episode III |108. 4 |380. 18 |3,663 |19 | |Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire |102. 69 |287. 18 |3,858 |13 | |War of the Worlds | 77. 06 |234. 21 |3,910 |19 | |Wedding Crashers | 33. 90 |209. 22 |3,131 |23 | |Batman Begins | 48. 5 |205. 28 |3,858 |18 | |Mr. and Mrs. Smith | 50. 34 |186. 22 |3,451 |21 | Star Wars: Episode III was the top motion picture in terms of both opening weekend gross sales and total gross sales for 2005. War of the Worlds was shown in the most theaters 3910 and Wedding Crashers, at 23 weeks, was the motion picture in this group with the longest run in the top 60 list. How to cite Motion Picture Industry, Papers

Effective Crisis Management Techniques free essay sample

This paper examines how an organization can handle a crisis. The steps an organization takes during a crisis will determine how they come out of it. This paper lays out how an organization can effectively deal with crisis to prevent lasting damage. This paper looks at the importance of a companys crisis management strategy and how the strategy that an organization takes during a crisis can affect the long-term health of that organization. It also puts forth the theory that organizations often collapse because when a crisis occurs they are not equipped to deal with it in a quick and timely fashion. From the paper: Planning ahead of time can help soften the negative impact of an ongoing crisis. Decisions made while planning for a potential crisis tend to be more rational then a decision made in the middle of a crisis. Develop a crisis manual that is simple and easy to read and make sure it is used; it is worthless if it sits idle on a shelf. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Crisis Management Techniques or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All employees need to be trained so they know what their roles will be during a crisis. This training will help prepare everybody in the organization to avert or effectively manage extraordinary incidents. It is not possible to plan for all potential crises that can occur. Rather an organization should prepare an action plan that involves responses for various aspects of a possible crisis.

Soul Music As A Vehicle Of Social Expression Essays -

Soul Music As A Vehicle Of Social Expression Music is the most powerful vehicle of human expression. As the embodiment of love, disapproval, happiness, experience ? life, music speaks to us, because it comes from us. Each people, in each paradine of the human experience instinctively and systematically change the music of the past to represent the realities of the present. In this century, black music, more specifically Soul music, has been that music that has brought to plain view that which evidences our humanity ? hope, hurt, joy and passion ? in such a way that the world has no other choice than to feel its power and marvel in its brilliance. When one discusses the relationship between Soul music and the civil rights movement, it becomes a dialouge very akin to that of the chicken and the egg. The period of ?Classic Soul? is that period primarily, but not exclusively referenced as the 1950's, 60's and 70's (Stephenson 186). This is the time frame of the American Civil Rights Movement, and the impact of the massive changes going on, are reflected in the music and the culture. So one would be correct in both assuming that the Civil Rights Movement gave rise to Soul music, as much Soul music contributed to the success of the campaign for civil rights. Soul music during its heyday, did more than simply entertain. For a race of people it served as a source of motivation, strength and education, for a people immersed in turmoil and tragedy. The institution of segregation had effectively inhibited the general populace's awareness of the great achievements and contributions made by African-americans throughout the history of the United States (Franklin 429). Inasmuch, Soul music sought to bring that undersight to light. Soul songs like Donny Hathaway's ?To Be Young, Gifted and Black,? was revolutionary, in that they sought to instill pride of one's history, but at the same time motivate a new generation to reach new heights. As Hathaway says, ?We must begin to tell our young, ?Don't you know that there is a whole world waiting for you?'?, he is calling for the teaching of black pride to the youth, which was a wide spread trend in black communities of the ?60s and ?70s (Hathaway). James Brown's ?Say It Loud, I'm Black and I'm Proud,? be came an anthem for the movement (Brown). The song's lyrics like, .Don't quit moving, until we get what we deserve?we'd rather die on our feet, than keep living on our knees,? were words of inspiration for those involved in the struggle for equality. ?Whereas the predominant theme of rhythm and blues was love and other kind of human relationships, soul singers voiced concern about the social injustice, racial pride, black militancy, and forms of protest (Southern 517).? Eileen Southern's statement on Soul music greatly describes the type of works produced by Hathaway and Brown at the time, yet was definetly not exclusive to these two artists. The period wherein Soul intertwined with the Civil Rights Movement, produced music greatly influenced by the environment in which its creators lived. Donny Hathaway's, ?Ghetto,? and Marvin Gaye's ?Inner City Blues (Makes Me Wanna Holler),? speak of the harshness of life in the Inner City (Hathaway/Gaye). Societal ills and political unrest were a major theme of Soul music, and Marvin Gaye's work, almost more than any other artist, was demonstrative of this fact. Gaye's album What's Goin On, was his commentary on the social problems of the period, and through its success tremendously impacted the increasing social awareness. Despair within the black community was given voice in Gaye's ?Inner City Blues?. Inflation, taxes, unemployment and police brutality were numbered among the themes addressed in the song. The sense of hopelesness of the piece can best be conveyed in the line saying, ?this life ain't worth the living?.makes me wanna holler, throw up both my hands!?(Gaye). ?Save the Children? goes on to ask: ?Who is willing to try and save a world that is destined to die, yet goes on to say ?live life for the children?let's save the children (Gaye). So, even in the midst of great despair, Gaye, and other artist of his genre, did believe in the possibility

buy custom The Health Living essay

buy custom The Health Living essay Many Flatbush residents have poor access to medical care and this is very vital to the prevention and maintaining of health living. Twenty nine thousand people report no current health care and forty nine thousand people do not have a personal doctor. This means that people are at risk of not receiving attention quickly in the event of an illness. This increases the risk of severity of illnesses. The Government policy and plan is required to facilitate this programme and ensure all citizens are covered by a medical insurance policy. This will also increase medical checkups and routine check-up increases health stability. The public hospitals are in pathetic conditions and the bid to privatize them was legally blocked. If the public hospitals could be supported with adequate resources, this would probably improve the health conditions of the people of Flatbush. The United States Health care system is inefficient and in order to improve health care presence of an efficient health care system is a must. Providing public insurance and involving the Government in subsidizing the costs of insurance may increase the number of people who can access Medicaid. This will ensure increased access to health care and affordable insurance plan for many. Poor leadership The federal Government of New York has an assumption that the health care system in place is adequate for the people of New York City state. This is where the health challenge emerges. Communities need to be looked at from individual perspectives. If any problems are to be noticed and acted upon by the federal department of health there must be distinction and individual community approach. The needs of Flatbush are very different from the needs of Bronx in Brooklyn. The poor Health care delivery system is not adequate for the population of New York. Different health needs overwhelm the facilities because of lack of proper planning (McGoy, 2004). Poor environment Living in a healthy environment contributes to the healthy being. The conditions that the residents are living are not so god. It is clear that a good housing system and safe neighbourhood contributes to healthy living. Insecurity causes hospital admissions in resulting by accidents and crimes (Draper et al, 1980). An environment that is surrounded by insecurity, overcrowding and no housing resources such as gymnasiums and supermarkets contribute to mushrooming of small businesses that d not observe hygiene. This factors bundled together are a main cause of unhealthy living. Health education is sensitive to all this factors. Once the Government department focuses on improving the health of the residents it will involve all the stakeholders in ensuring the standards achieved do not get lost due to ignorance and stubbornness of certain individuals (Draper et al, 1980). Thus it will involve the environment and ecology. This is because human ecology is synonymous with human health. The idea is to involve the people to live healthy lifestyles and be responsible. The residents of Flatbush consider insecurity and poverty as a factor that makes the environment not to be healthy. The water distribution systems may also be part of the contributing factor to the ill health of Flatbush residents (Ontario, 2006). Policies on non- US Citizens The residents of Flatbush are mostly not United States Citizens. This is a challenge because they are not included in the health programmes that are in the country. They need more money in order to access these health care programmes. This is one form of a challenge that they face resulting to the development of negative behavioural health that leads to the contracting of sexually transmitted diseases. If the Government could introduce a plan that would include the non citizens it would really help solve the problem of lack of education on various health challenges (NYC health, 2003). This would be a great step to solving the high rates of health challenges involving the youths and sexually transmitted diseases. The youths of Flatbush should be involved and enrolled to the health care programmes which advice the youths in regards to behavioural health and sexual health. The effect of race and ethnicity has been on the toll for the minorities. The blacks receive less amount of care and a low quality of care for similar illnesses when compared to their white counterparts who are in the same income bracket and insurance coverage level. The double standards in providing health care have great consequences to the community of Flatbush. There is no effort to improve the health conditions in this community. The racial and ethnic disparities have contributed to the poor health status of the residents of Flatbush Lack of financial input The organizations that provide these services are few and not enough. There should be more funding for awareness and eeducation of the youths. This will attract more organizations to offer these services. Interest of the youths is also low in attending these awareness programmes. They view this programmes as a bother and to be very irrelevant to their livelihood. There should be motivation to the youths in making them understand the importance of these programmes. This is a sign that more effort on the Governments side to increase awareness and also educate the youths about these disease is the only way to curb the rise of these infections. More emphasis on education on the dangers of negative behavioural health will decrease the risks of the youths contracting even more complicated diseases resulting from pre marital sexual behaviours. Negative behavioural health Sexually transmitted diseases in Flatbush are on the rampant rise. The demographics stand at eight hundred and ninety one people for every ten thousand residents are infected by Chlamydia while two hundred and sixty eight individuals out of ten thousand are infected with Gonorrhoea. These rates are very high and the impacts can be devastating. The infections can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in Women and infertility is also a possibility if left untreated. The Sexually Transmitted diseases increase the risks of contracting HIV. The youths are high on the list affected by Sexually Transmitted Infections. This is infections can be greatly reduced if the youths are given proper counselling and guidance regarding their sexuality It is in rare occasions that the centres reach out to the youths. The health care authorities wait for the youths to make right decisions to attend the training programmes and learn about their sexuality but instead the youths are focussed on exploring their sexuality. A quick response to the inflating rates of sexually transmitted infections should a priority. There seems no effort even after several community studies highlighted the danger looming in the community (DOH, 2010). Insecurity and Povert The security of the living areas is part of the community health. There was an increase in hospital admissions due to crimes and accidents. Poverty levels have also contributed to lack of a healthy community. It is because of poverty that many residents have not acquired education and this hinders there perspective of reasoning towards community health. There are programmes that have been developed to face the immediate effects of stressors. Buy custom The Health Living essay

Harsh Punishment Backfires in Prison, Researcher Says

Harsh Punishment Backfires in Prison, Researcher Says Currently, the U.S. leads the world in the rate of incarceration. The current numbers show that 612 people per 100,000 residents age 18 or older are imprisoned.   According to some criminal justice experts, the current prison system puts too much emphasis on harsh punishment and not enough on rehabilitation and it simply does not work. The current system only provides a breeding ground for more aggressive and violent behavior, according to Joel Dvoskin, PhD of the University of Arizona and author of Applying Social Science to Reduce Violent Offending. Aggression Breeds Aggression Prison environments are replete with aggressive behaviors, and people learn from watching others acting aggressively to get what they want, Dvoskin said. It is his belief that behavior modification and social learning principles can work inside prison just as they do outside. Certainty vs. Severity of Punishment In criminological research performed by Valerie Wright, Ph.D., Research Analyst at The Sentencing Project, it was determined that certainty of punishment, rather than the severity of punishment is more likely to deter criminal behavior. For example, if a city announces that police will be out in force looking for drunk drivers during a holiday weekend, it would likely increase the number of people who decide not to risk drinking and driving. Severity of punishment attempts to scare potential criminals because the punishment that they could receive is not worth the risk. This is the bases behind why states have adopted the tough policies such as Three Strikes.   The concept behind severe punishments assumes that the criminal is rational enough to weigh out the consequences before committing the crime.   However, as Wright points out, since half of the criminals that are locked up in U.S. prisons were drunk or high on drugs at the time of the offense, it is unlikely that they had the mental capacity to logically asses the consequences of their actions. Unfortunately, because of a shortage of police per capita and prison overcrowding, most crimes do not result in arrest or criminal incarceration. Clearly, enhancing the severity of punishment will have little impact on people who do not believe they will be apprehended for their actions. says Wright. Do Longer Sentences Improve Public Safety? Studies have shown that longer sentences result in higher rates of recidivism. According to Wright, accumulated data of 50 studies going back as far as 1958 on a total of 336,052 offenders with various criminal offenses and background showed the following: Offenders who averaged 30 months in prison had a recidivism rate of 29 percent. Offenders who averaged 12.9 months in prison had a recidivism rate of 26 percent. The Bureau of Justice Statistics did a study tracking 404,638 prisoners in 30 states after their release from prison in 2005. The researchers found that: Within three years of release, about two-thirds (67.8 percent) of released prisoners were rearrested.Within five years of release, about three-quarters (76.6 percent) of released prisoners were rearrested.Of those prisoners who were rearrested, more than half (56.7 percent) were arrested by the end of the first year. The research team theorizes that although offender services and programs may have a direct effect on desistance, individuals must decide independently to transform themselves into ex-offenders. However, the numbers do support Wrights argument that longer sentences result in higher rates of recidivism. Reaccessing the Economics of Current Crime Policies Both Wright and Dvoskin agree that the current money spent on incarceration has drained valuable resources and has not been effective in making communities safer. Wright points to a study done in 2006 that compared the cost of community drug treatment programs vs. the cost of incarcerating drug offenders. According to the study, a dollar spent on treatment in prison yields about six dollars of savings, whereas a dollar spent in community-based treatment yields nearly $20 in costs savings. Wright estimates that a savings $16.9 billion annually could be saved by a 50 percent reduction in the number of incarcerated non-violent offenders. Dvoskin feels that the rising prison population with the corresponding lack of increase in prison staff has reduced the ability of prison systems to supervise work programs that allow prisoners to build skills.   This makes it very hard to re-enter into the civilian world and increases the likelihood of going back to prison, Dvoskin said. Therefore, the priority should be placed on decreasing prison populations, he said: This can be done by paying more attention to those with the highest risk of violent behavior rather than focusing on lesser crimes, such as minor drug offenses. Conclusion By reducing the number of non-violent prisoners, it would free up the necessary money to invest in detecting criminal behavior which would increase the certainty of punishment and also allow for more effective programs that could help in reducing recidivism. Source: Workshop: Using Social Science to Prevent Violent Crime, Joel A. Dvoskin, PhD, University of Arizona College of Medicine Saturday, Aug. 8, Metro Toronto Convention Centre. Deterrence in Criminal Justice, Valerie Wright, Ph.D., The Sentencing Project.

Policy contribution part 3 (final) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Policy contribution part 3 (final) - Assignment Example owever, these policies are all based on the premise that immigrants have a generalized negative effect on the systems in the country, whereby the common belief is that unless someone has a certain level of education, skills or other features, he or she should be denied entry into the country (Bush and McLarty, 2009). Without the specified criteria, the country believes that these people have an overall negative effect on the country and its people including security, economy, culture, politics, and other aspects of modern-day society (McWhirter, 2006). Implementing policy depends on many factors including their effect on the people and the aim of policy makers in implementing the policy. In this case, the immigration policy had the aims of reducing the influx of immigrants into the country, and ensuring that those who gain access into the country are the most productive of all the candidates (Givens, Freeman and Leal, 2009). Consequently, the needs of the country have to be considered, together with the welfare of citizens and immigrants. This ensures that the policy that is passed is the best for everyone, such that citizens will not be at a disadvantage due to the proliferation of the number of immigrants into the country. On the other hand, the policy should be humane enough not to deny immigrants entry into the country of their dreams if they deserve it. In order to achieve an all-encompassing policy, extensive consultations must be held among all stakeholders during the planning and implementation process (Balloch, 2005). In addition, consultations must be held to identify areas of weakness in the policy, or changes that have occurred in the country that would necessitate a change in policy. Therefore, the process of implementing policy is continuous, whereby there is a feedback mechanism, and policies are always in the process of being amended and the amendments are always being implemented (Koulish, 2009). This study uses the Jansson’s approach to policy

Communitiies Of Practice (COP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Communitiies Of Practice (COP) - Essay Example The CoP could also meet on a regular basis or depends on the common availability of the members. Likewise, due to the advancement of technology, the members could also utilize the computer and internet, i.e. group sites, web pages, e-mail, blogs, wikis, podcasting, and/or file sharing to keep connected and updated.2 The practice of CoP had long been existed throughout the society. In fact, it had been observed and practiced in the classical Greece wherein the Greeks were subdivided and lived according to their shared common interests and beliefs. The people who have the same crafts such as the metalworkers, potters, masons, etc. belonged to the same group because they work and learn together. Each group had their own business function in which they were responsible to share their skills and spread the innovation through training and coaching apprentices/novices. Whilst, each group had shared social purpose wherein they â€Å"worshipped the same god and goddesses and celebrated holid ays together.† 3The practice had been very common; however, the term was only coined recently by Etienne Wenger and Jean Lave. Originally, the term was used to name a group of traditional African tailors who couched and trained their apprentices. 4 Further, the two have concluded that learning could be a two-way process wherein the apprentices could learn from their masters/instructors and vice versa. Since then the two researchers have expanded the CoP concept and had been widely incorporated in organizations, government, businesses, teams, work groups, corporations and among others. Etienne Wenger and William Snyder have considered community of practice as an important instrument because it could improve organizational performance as long as it is implemented accordingly. The advantages of CoP have included its ability to drive strategy. Several organizations have proven this, i.e. the World Bank. Since, they had integrated in their management the concept of CoP; they become â€Å"knowledge bank†5 because they had provided their customers’ high-quality information as well as they gained know-how on economic development. Likewise, the CoP could also start new lines of businesses. An example of this was the one cited by Wegner and Snyder, wherein a group of consultants created a community and they decided to meet regularly at the airport after their engagement with their clients to discuss over their common interests. After a couple of years, this group had established a new line of business that offered financial services due to community of practice. The CoP could also used to solve problems quickly. The practical reason is that members of the CoP could share their problems and could ask the assistance of their co-members to find solution with their problems. In the same manner that their counterparts could extend their help because they knew the problem and they could identify the best solutions to common problems. For example, a man had asked from his CoP on how to improve his writing skills. Since, they share the same interest, many of his expert co-members have responded via net within 24 hours. Luckily, many of them have provided the best and easiest writing techniques. Further, it could also transfer best practices because they â€Å"do much more than work on specific problems. 6 In an organization or company, it was considered as the best and ideal venue for sharing and disseminating best practices and knowledge. One of the most successful examples of

Most Memiroble Holiday Essay Example for Free

Most Memiroble Holiday Essay Put muscle into your writing by using strong verbs. This is a good, rowdy starter in which students are encouraged to think about specific verb choices and act them out. Then it’s onto the nitty gritty of replacing the verbs with their own selections. Stretch this resource by getting students to take a ploddy passage from a text and jazz it up. (The Curious Incident of a Dog in the Night-time might provide you with some simple text to play around with. ) http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/curious/ For another ‘brass tacks’ starter, have a look at Varying your sentences. This resource capitalises on the old ‘cat sat on the mat’ sentence and takes students through various sentence types. The extension task gets students to create their own sentences and find and label some gruesome examples from Pat Barker’s Regeneration. Sentence lengths and interesting vocabulary is a versatile resource. Use it as a stand-alone homework task or cover lesson, or get students into groups/pairs and have them produce some shared writing. Extend by getting students to finish the story or challenge them to write a piece of flash fiction in which they must re-tell the story in no more than 50 words. (Refer to back editions of Mslexia magazine or http://www.fishpublishing.com/ for examples of good flash fiction.) For a good whizzy stand alone or speaking and listening starter, try Magnet activity – bag of tricks. Use the list of objects to inspire creative writing or original speaking and listening. Click the Information button on the resource for activity ideas. Exploring effects with sentences. This Syntex activity is a great way for students to experiment with making sentences more effective. Students need to sequence the words and add the correct punctuation. Detailed instructions are available in the accompanying PDF file. If you want a good way to introduce students to narrative structure, try the Narrative structure matching activity. Cut out the cards or go whizzy with the Flash matching activity. Adapt this for a library lesson by getting your students to categorise various texts according to structure, or find their own examples of books that are structured in an interesting or unusual way. Preparing for narrative writing comes complete with a Tweakit and contains some lovely ideas for screenplays and novelisations. Great as a Media/Drama tie in, you could focus on the pluses and minuses of each (‘What does the book have that the story doesn’t?’ and vice versa.) For a simple, useful, one page set of ‘reminders’ use Creating a setting for students to refer to during the writing process. In terms of ideas for the task in question, you could get students to bring in their own photographs, get out and about with a camera or download an atmospheric scene from www.flickr.com. Ideas / the planning stage: If you’ve got a class of ‘rush at it’ students and want to slow them down and draw attention to planning, then have a look at There’s more to original writing than just writing stories which lists a number of creative approaches to choose from and gives students ownership of their writing. The planning box means that students have to think before they leap. Creative writing task would be ideal for a higher set or gifted group of students as it leaves things nicely open. It’s a simple one page sheet in which students mix and match the various ‘elements’ and come up with some ideas for a poem, short story or piece of descriptive writing. There’s plenty of scope for you to amend/stamp your individual mark on things and this resource will ensure that you don’t straightjacket your students or get 30 identikit responses that will reduce you to tears. Original writing suggestions. This is a collection of ideas and teachers’ tips taken from several different staffroom threads on the topic. It’s a great place to start if you’re looking for GCSE coursework inspiration. The writing stage: Describing a beach or holiday memory. A lovely descriptive writing resource based around re-creating a holiday memory (ideal for Key Stage 3). It uses snippets from Dylan Thomas’ ‘Holiday Memory’ and incorporates some marvellous, moody, seaside photographs. This could be extended to form a piece of travel writing or adapted and tweaked for Key Stage 4. Writing a short story comes complete with a Tweakit and supplies students with a recipe for writing – page 1 in particular, is useful for helping students hone/focus on their planning. Wild week creative story writing – a booklet (ideal for KS3) presenting students with a series of strange and magical incidents guaranteed to inspire creative responses. Tips, tick lists and AFL strategies Writing checklists – a set of handy checklists for a range of writing approaches. Ideal for incorporating AFL into your lessons. Original writing – things to remember! A fantastically handy PowerPoint this (ideal for use before students begin writing or after the completion of a first draft). Walk your class through the down-to-earth advice on structuring sentences, putting paragraphs together and using vocabulary effectively. Still more†¦ English teaching online – the one with all the original writing. Some great advice from published writers including David Almond and Darren Shan: http://www.teachit.co.uk/custom_content/newsletters/newsletter_sep06.asp

Cyprus - History Of The Conflict :: European Europe History

Cyprus - History Of The Conflict Cyprus, an island in the Eastern Mediterranean, at the cross-roads of three continents - Europe, Asia and Africa - has one of the oldest histories of the world, dating back 9000 years. Its strategic position, its wealth in forests and mineral deposits, as well as its skilled craftsmen, made it the prized possession of the powers of the day. Cultural influences came from all directions - all major regional civilisations left their mark on the island, contributing to the development of a very rich and diverse cultural heritage. ANCIENT TIMESThe Stone Age The first signs of human life on the island date back to c. 8500 BC during the Palaeolithic period. Evidence of human activity was found in cave dwellings near Liopetri, though it is not known whether they were just hunting parties passing through or permanent settlers. The first undisputed settlements are believed to have been established towards the end of the 8th millennium BC. Vestiges of such early communities are found all over the island, such as at Khirokitia, Kalavasos-Tenta, Apostolos Andreas-Kastros, Phrenaros, Petra tou Limniti. Neolithic Cypriots built circular houses with small undressed stones for the lower structures and sun-dried mudbricks and clay for the middle and superstructure. The Khirokitia neolithic settlement in Larnaca district stands out as a striking example of prehistoric architecture. The Bronze/ Copper Age Large copper deposits brought fame and wealth to the island and may have even given it its name. It has been documented that during the bronze age Cyprus had intense commercial relations with the main commercial and cultural centres of that time. During this period metallurgy and pottery flourished while close relations developed, particularly with Crete, which are also expressed in the Cypro-Minoan script which appeared in Cyprus around 1500 BC. Of special significance for the future of Cyprus was its colonisation around 1200 BC by Mycenaean and Achaean Greeks, a migration process that lasted for more than a century. They brought with them to the island the Hellenic language, culture and religion. Legend has it that the first Hellenes who settled in Cyprus were heroes of the Trojan war. The arrival of the Achaeans greatly influenced town planning, architecture, and pottery. Since then Cyprus has remained predominantly Greek in culture, language and population despite influences resulting from successive occupations. Iron Age More and more people from the Greek world came to live in Cyprus.

Literary Techniques Essay

Kate Chopin’s â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings† and â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† are both great stories. Both literature give readers the smooth and easy transition throughout the story, and then leave the readers with disappointing and jaw dropping details in the end. Both of Chopin’s stories portray typical women who have different wants and needs and emphasize their continued life struggles. In â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings,† fifteen dollars has been enough to bring Mrs. Sommers back to her past and enjoy the life she used to have. Although, the items that she has purchased  will stay with her, that does not change the fact that the moment she leaves the cable car she will have to go back to her family and face the life that she is trying to escape from. In Chopin’s story â€Å"Desiree’s Baby,† Armand express his love for his wife Desiree, not displaying any signs racism. He made it clear that her unknown past does not matter to him. All of that changed the moment they had a son who show traces of African ancestry. Armand rejected Desiree, so the devastated young mother left L’Abri with her son and both of them were never have seen again. In both stories, the author uses many literary techniques to express how pride and selfishness can turn someone into a different person. Chopin’s symbolism is very rich in description and filled with hidden meanings, which makes both of the stories very extraordinary. The first part of the story makes clear about Mrs. Sommers love for her Family that has changed the moment she temporarily leaves her reality in order to live and feel her past. In this short story, Chopin presents the message clearly to her readers how much Mrs. Sommers wants to escape from reality. In â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings† the fifteen dollars she accumulates represents her â€Å"better days,† (2) which is the past life she has been missing. The silk stockings are used many times to symbolize luxuries, and the different 2 shades of stockings are made visible by Chopin to represent life pleasures, freedom, and happiness â€Å"some lavender, some all black† (2). Mrs. Sommers abandoning her present life is clear when Chopin makes the statement of exchanging â€Å"her cotton stockings† (2) to her â€Å"new silk ones† (2). In the story, author uses symbols significant on how the protagonist used to live  her life. She uses the â€Å"shabby old† (2) to describe her shopping bag, which resembles to her current life status. Gloves and high-priced magazines represent glamour where there are wide choices of â€Å"pleasant things,† (3). Mrs. Sommers realizes that her life before was better than what she thought it was. Narrator expresses the conclusion of what Mrs. Sommers thinks about her life before: â€Å"The damask was even more spotless than it had seemed† (4). Lastly, the cable car represents her ride towards her better days. Author sadly exposes the protagonists’ thoughts of  not wanting to return home, wishing for the cable car to never stop and keep going â€Å"go on and on with her forever† (5). All the symbolism in the story expresses Mrs. Sommers longing for her past life, her â€Å"better days† (1) which can be no longer part of her future. Chopin’s use of her symbols tried to give the readers the clearest message possible. The brilliant use of symbolism in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† sends message to the readers about the sensitivity of the subject racism back in the days, when the story is set. Chopin uses colors to tell the story of the characters’ backgrounds. The Caucasian race was presented by the â€Å"yellow  nurse,† (2) and she use â€Å"La Blanche’s little quadroon boys† (3) to represent mixed race or bi-racial. L’Abri and Madame Valmonde are also used to symbolize human feelings and behavior. The L’Abri, is the plantation owned by Aubigny family. The L’Abri symbolizes sadness and Chopin elaborates that when Madame Valmonde visits Desiree and describes the plantation as â€Å"a sad looking place† (2), with lots of â€Å"solemn oaks† (2). Desiree’s mother, Madame Valmonde, is used to symbolize unconditional love. She asks her daughter to come home after all 3 the heartaches Armand is causing her. The story turns out that Armand’s mother has a dark  secret, and that Armand is the bi-racial one and not Desiree. Throughout the story, Chopin uses symbolism to communicate to readers and show how race can be a big issue and can change someone’s life in a snap during the latter nineteenth century. The author also uses foreshadowing and gave hints and clues in both of the stories. It creates suspense and makes the readers wonder what will the ending of the story can be. Chopin uses the first paragraph in â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings† to show some hints on what fifteen dollars can do to Mrs. Sommers. In this case, the author foreshadows the arrival of Mrs. Sommers in the store stating her exhaustion. However, the moment she realized that she is feeling the texture of the silk stockings, she describe it as â€Å"soft, sheeny luxurious things† (2) and â€Å"glide serpent-like through her fingers† (2). Chopin uses the description â€Å"serpent-like† (2) to hint temptation. This effectively foreshadows the actions presented by Mrs. Sommers in the story. Where, she falls for the temptation and end up buying luxurious things all for herself. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†, Chopin uses foreshadowing to give readers a clue about the hidden mystery of who is of biracial descent in the story. Chopin describes Desiree â€Å"in her soft white muslins and laces† (2) in her first appearance in the story. Another hint stated as â€Å"Desiree had not changed the thin white garment† (5), the color white foreshadows Desiree’s background. Clues reveals in the end of the story that Desiree is of white decent. However, the technique used to reveal Armand’s bloodline or history is the same with how the author reveals of Desiree’s. Chopin used â€Å"Armand’s dark, handsome face† (3), and â€Å"Look at my hand; whiter than yours, Armand,† (4) the foreshadowing in the story made it not a surprise when Armand read his  mother’s letter and discovered the truth behind his son’s questionable race, that he is bi-racial and not Desiree. 4 Both stories of Chopin sets up the conflicts of situations in the beginning, and irony is well present in the end. Both literatures leave the readers with great lesson to learn. Ironic situation is when Mrs. Sommers ponders for days if she would invest or spend the fifteen dollars, â€Å"she did not wish to act hastily, to do anything she might afterward regret† (1). That night, she decided to spend the money for her children, and even envision her kids to look nicely and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"dainty† (1). However, it is ironic that after she touches the silk stockings, she decided to give herself a treat and end up spending all her money on luxuries for herself, leaving nothing for her children. Another irony, when Chopin described the protagonist â€Å"Mrs. Sommers as was one who knew the value of bargains; who could stand for hours making her way inch by inch toward the desired object that was selling below cost,† (1) when in fact, Mrs. Sommers ended up buying nothing but expensive items. She never worry about the price and she purchase items quickly,  impulsively. However, in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†, the irony is that throughout the story Armand is blind, not knowing his history and the family secret. Racism sets up the story to draw a jaw dropping details and give their readers a shocking ending. In the beginning of the story, race does not seem to matter to Armand. He accused Desiree of lying about her ancestry. After pushing his wife and son away, Armand discovers a letter that reveals his family background â€Å"that his mother, who adores him, belongs to the race that is cursed with the brand of slavery† (6). The detail about  Armand’s race is intentionally placed in the end of the story, Chopin finds that effective, where readers tend to feel hate and anger towards Armand for being prejudice. He blamed and pushed Desiree away, when he is the one with black race in his bloodline. The point of view differs, in how each of the stories is told. Chopin uses third-person limited omniscient in â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings,† so readers knows the thoughts and feelings of 5 Mrs. Sommers, but readers are not provided with details and thoughts of the other characters. Characters in the story whose thoughts are not provided: Waiter that served Mrs.  Sommers, Lady at the Theater, and the Man inside the cable car. However, In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby,† Chopin uses third person point of view but reveals the thoughts and feelings of every character in the story, both Armand and Desiree. Chopin written some of Desiree’s feelings to know how exactly the young Mother feels â€Å"there was something in the air menacing her peace† (3) and â€Å"Desiree was miserable enough to die† (3). Both stories provided enough thoughts to give readers some details to analyze each characters feelings and dilemma. The theme of the story â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings† centers on how people become selfish  and self-centered. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby,† the story shows how people are capable of doing evil things to gain power and freedom. Kate Chopin, who uses the literary techniques to help readers expose the mysteries hidden in each of her short stories. Author portray â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings† and â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† both beautifully. Both stories serves the reader’s moral lesson and of course surprising ending. Works cited Chopin, Kate. â€Å"A Pair of Silk Stockings. † Americanliterature. com. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. Chopin, Kate. â€Å"Desiree’s Baby. † Americanliterature. com. Web. 14 Oct. 2013.   

The Role of Modern Industrial Manager

MNGT352 Advanced Modern Management The role of a modern industrial manager Prashanth Balacumaresan (200679951) Word Count: 1965 A manager is someone in charge of an organisation or subunit. Many would fit the bill of a manager besides a chief executive, including coaches, bishops, foremen even presidents and prime ministers. What is the role of a manager? If you did ask someone in a managerial position what they did they would probably tell you that they plan, organize, coordinate and control. Mangers are persistent individuals and they perform their activities in concise, diverse manners.Study shows that most activities performed by chief executives last less than 9 minutes and only a small fraction of the time do activities last an hour long. The work pace for most chief executives and foremen are relentless, spending their whole day receiving calls and mail with every break interrupted by a subordinate looking for some sort of guidance (Mintzberg 1990). The role of an ideal manage r should be a balance between the roles Mintzberg has described. This is because a manger is the commander in chief of an organisation and through this role he has contact to various interpersonal relationships.This gives his the opportunity to gain access to various sorts of information which would then enable him to put to good use by planning effective strategies, making decisions or implement in action (Waldron. M. W, Vasanthakumar. J & Arulraj. S 1997). Managerial roles accentuates reasoning and control, and it does not matter whichever direction the focus is on, the manager should always look at ways to achieve results that would make positive impact and make people continue contributing to his or her organisation.In 1981 Arnaldo conducted a survey of hotel general managers by adapting Mintzberg approach to managerial behaviour. What he found out from this research was that a large majority of mangers viewed leadership as the most important role among the ten roles as proposed by Mintzberg. From this view leadership is an essential quality required for one who is a manager. (Zaleznik. A, 1978). The trait theory perspective suggests that certain individuals possess the qualities and characteristics that highlight them as natural born leaders and this is what will differentiate them from their subordinates. Northouse, P2010). Although this suggests that leadership is a quality that cannot be learnt but one that is acquired , (Worsfold,1989)it would give a person who is likely to take up a role as a manager an insight of the characteristics and qualities that are essential for a leader. Furthermore one need not necessarily stick to its outline as leadership is a role that allows an individual to show his or her unique abilities to command and influence others. (Hollander,1978).Project leadership is essentially defined as a process that fits into a managerial job that would take into consideration the requirement and perquisite of those people who decide to stand besides you to see the completion of a particular task. (Cleland,1995). Project leaders should not be too rigid and exercise authority over the situation within leadership criteria (Cleland and Ireland, 2007) but rather as Goetsch and Davies(2006, 254-255) say inspire individuals in making entire enthusiastic along with intentional dedication towards achieving company aims.Thus one does not need to be intellectually superior to be a manager but rather one need to be determinant, strong willed, analytical, intelligent and most importantly be tolerant. (Zaleznik. A ,1978). Kanji (2008) states leadership is defined as the conduct related by activities in taking charge signifying the immense difficulties faced by managers and professors. Therefore leadership is a variation of characteristics, principles, behaviour and attitude that acts as the key to long term performance of established organisations. (Lakshman, 2006).Having an action mindset about the work environment is another trait required by a manager. A popular visual metaphor indicates that an organisation is a chariot pulled by wild horses which represent the emotions, anticipation and ambitions and needs of people in the organisation. Keeping onto to the same track requires just as the same skill that is required to set off in an entirely new direction. Having an action mindset in this context would be to understand the nature of the situation and utilising the capabilities of the team helping to stay on and maintain direction. Gosling Mintzberg, 2003) Nearly all managerial decisions and actions are influenced by the assumptions made based on observation about human behaviour. Douglas McGregor published in his book The Human Side of Enterprise, two very unique ways of looking at human nature namely Theory X and Theory Y. McGregor also assumed that a typical manger should operate on the context that his employees are either Theory X or Theory Y. Assumptions uch as these mould the manager’s pe rspective on his employees resulting in either a Theory X manager, who would assume a direct and harsh approach denying employees control over their work ,using an incentive based reward system to monitor performance and constantly supervise his employees or rather a Theory Y manager who would be more lenient towards his employees granting them positions of responsibility and structuring the work environment in a manner which would result in efficient methods to solve problems and increase productivity. McGregor ,1960) The Hawthorne experiments conducted by Elton Mayo from 1924 to 1934 prove this point by clearly illustrating that even when the working conditions were varied the team dynamics of the team remained the same. The women who participated in the experiment formed a cooperative relationship and responded spontaneously to this experiment. As they were not pushed or forced to do work, and every decision they made would influence their work they formed a sense of responsibili ty and worked spontaneously. The productivity increased and the workers remained happy.According to McGregor a manager’s perspective on their employees which could be either Theory X or Theory Y can influence their decisions. What managers need is their employees to perform well and given the right incentive and environment you could achieve excellent results. The ideal Theory Y manager would instead of a directive management approach rather choose an approach which would actually involve giving employees positions of responsibility and forming mutually beneficial relationships. This is what was clearly emphasized by Mc Gregor as a core component of Management.What is lacking is most managers fail to understand this fact (Bobic. M. P & Davis E. W). Human motivation in the workplace cannot be defined of falling into the category of either Theory X or Theory Y. It should be rather viewed as something more complicated which is rather a concoction of the two (Miner, 1980; Schein 1970). It has been observed by many through social interactions with managers over several years that most managers use a blend of theories X, Y and Z rather than sticking to the framework of one particular on (Sharma.S 1998). Self regulation is the process of mastering ones emotions. A person who has mastered their emotions would be adaptable to change and would not panic in a circumstance where change would influence his workplace. Self regulation is a key factor that would be influential in the workplace as due to the modern technological trend and competitiveness businesses and companies exist with a great of ambiguity and uncertainness. Companies merge and break at rapid paces and technology is not constant and it will change. Goleman,1998) currently most companies are adapting to advanced manufacturing technologies that are intended to optimize and improve performance in various aspects of the workplace. These are opportunity to revolutionize the way production processes. Larg e companies are already making the switch towards these innovations in order to enhance the performance and increase the positions in the global markets. (Tidd, 1991) Industries are constantly undergoing revolutionary technological change to transform them abound. Examples include switching from metal engine parts to ceramic and switching from lead acid to lithium ion in batteries.When these situations arise a self regulatory person would possess the dexterity to hold his judgement, seek information and adapt to the changes. Effective team working skills are one that is required of a manager. The ability to coordinate individual actions (Zaccaro, Rittman, and Marks 2001) and having a better communication structure among team members can greatly influence the performance of the effectiveness of the team. Team leaders who are encouraging and involve all members in team problem solving enable collective information processing that maximises the teams effectiveness. Zaccaro et al. ) Goo d managers enable their teams to remain goal oriented, ensure a collaborative setting for the team members, build confidence, demonstrate technical skills, set their priorities, manage performance expectations and bring back excellent results. (LaFasto, Larson 2001). Essentially team leaders, who set high performance goals, demonstrate a clear set of strategies and push their team members to their full potentials will display higher team efficiency and cohesion rather than team leaders who do not involve themselves in such tasks. Zaccaro et al. ) Motivation is also a key role for the manager. He or she must be themselves be motivated to perform the task at hand and meanwhile they should be able to motivate the team by keeping the team morale upHow a manager motivates his employees could be varied according to the approach he or she takes. Firstly there is the KITA approach which literally translates as kick in the pants which can either be a negative or a positive approach depending on the manager.Negative KITA is a direct action approach, and it has its drawbacks of being physically confronting which can build up negativity among the employees and the manager. There is also the softer positive approach which is considered as a seduction technique which is the promise of incentive to the employee which can get them to produce good work. (Hertzberg, 1968) This is supported by the expectancy theory that proposes the idea that people work harder depending on the size of the reward. (Mullins, 2007).According to Fredrick Hertzberg motivation relies on two factors firstly the hygiene factors that deal with factors such as working conditions, job security etc and the motivator factors. An employee would usually expect the hygiene factors to be implemented in the workplace as these are factors that help an individual to settle down in an environment. Taking these away from an employee would automatically make him or her dissatisfied and hence de-motivated to work. The other motivator factors are based on an individual’s desire to be better and rise above others.These include status, recognition and sense of achievement. Let us take the company Innocent Drinks for example. They motivate their staff by providing a working environment which is pleasant i. e. the inclusion of trees inside the offices and having Astroturf floors. They also provide free breakfast, a team weekend every year and also scholarships of ? 1000 to employees to fund personal projects such as taking a course etc. Even in their weekly meetings they make their staff feel valuable and this way Innocent helps to keep its staff happy.This is a good model of How Hertzberg’s hygiene and motivational factors have been taken into account and keep employees motivated. (Caterer research how to motivate staff 2011) Mc Clelland’s achievement motivation theory categorizes the people who want to achieve. These people were motivated by intrinsic factors such as goals and aspirations of the individual rather than extrinsic factors such as salary etc. These sorts of people were identified by their affinity to perform difficult put potentially achievable goals, and their like to take risks.These are the sorts of characteristics expected in a manager. In conclusion what should be stated is that all these qualities may not be present in a manager but in general a good manager would be an ideal blend of some of these characteristics. These would not necessarily be outwardly showed but when the situation arises if one could perform that is what is essential. This is the internal meaning of the quote â€Å"Cometh the hour, cometh the man†. Bibliography Arnaldo, M (1981) ‘Hotel general managers: a profile’, The Cornell H. R. A. Quarterly November, 53-56. Bobic M.P and Davis E. W A Kind Word for Theory X: Or Why many New Fangled Management Techniques quickly fail. Cleland, D. I. (1995). Leadership and the project management body of knowled ge. International Journal of Project Management, 13(2): 83-88. Cleland, D. I. and Ireland, L. R. (2007). Project Management: Strategie Design and Implementation (5th), Boston: McGraw-Hill. Goleman. D (1998) What Makes a Leader? Harvard Business Review pp. 92-102 Gosling J & Mintzberg H(2003) The Five Minds of a Manager (Cover Story) Harvard Business Review 81(11) ,54-63 Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S. B. (2006). Quality Management: Introduction to Total Quality Management for Production, Processing, and Services (5), New Jersey: Pearson Education International. Hertzberg F. (1987) One More Time: How do you Motivate Employees Harvard Business vol 46 issue 1 Review pp. 53-62 Hollander, E (1978) ‘Leadership Dynamics: A Practical Guide to Effective Relationships’, Free Press: New York. Kanji, GK. (2008). Leadership is prime: How do you measure Leadership Excellence? Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 19(4): 417-427.LaFasto F & Larson C (2001) When Teams Work Best T housand Oaks CA:SAGE Lakshman, C. (2006). A Theory of Leadership for Quality: Lessons from TQM for Leadership Theory. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 17(1): 41-60. Mayo, E. (1933) The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization, Macmillan. Mc Gregor. D (1960) The Human Side of Enterprise New York Mc-Graw Hill McClelland, D. (1967) The Achieving Society, The Free Press, Miner J. B (1980). Theory of organisational behaviour.Hinsdale, IL; Dryden Press Mullins J (2007) Management and Organisational Behaviour 8th Edition Northouse, P (2010) ‘Leadership: Theory and Practice 5th Edition’, Sage Publications: London. Schien E (1970) Organisational Psychology (2nd ed. ) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Sharma. S (1998) Enlightened Leadership in Indian Ethos: The way of Theory K. Management& Change Vol 2 No 1 ,January- June 1998, pp. 93-104. Tidd. J (1991) Flexible Manufacturing Technologies and International Competitiveness, London: Pinter Waldron M. W, Vasant hakumar J and Arulraj. S. 1997) Improving the organization and management of extension. In Swanson. B. E Improving Agricultural Extension: A reference manual Worsfold, P (1989) ‘Leadership and managerial effectiveness in the hospitality industry’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 8(2), 145-155. Zaccaro. S J, Rittman A. L & Marks M. A (2001) Team Leadership. Leadership Quarterly 12 451-483 Zalenik,A (1978) Managers and leaders:are they different? Mckinsey Quarterly,(1), p 2-22 http. //www. catererresearch. com/Articles/2006/06/15/307200/how-to-motivate staff. html [Accessed 21/11/11]

A Brief History of the Country of Morocco

A Brief History of the Country of Morocco In the Classical Antiquity era, Morocco experienced waves of invaders included Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, and Byzantines, but with the arrival of Islam, Morocco developed independent states that kept powerful invaders at bay. Berber Dynasties In 702 the Berbers submitted to the armies of Islam and adopted Islam. The first Moroccan states formed during these years, but many were still ruled by outsiders, some of whom were part of the Umayyad Caliphate that controlled most of northern Africa c. 700 CE. In 1056, a Berber empire arose however, under the Almoravid Dynasty, and for the next five hundred years Morocco was governed by Berber dynasties:  the Almoravids (from 1056), Almohads (from 1174), Marinid (from 1296), and Wattasid (from 1465). It was during the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties that Morocco controlled much of North Africa, Spain, and Portugal. In 1238, the Almohad lost control of  the Muslim portion of Spain and Portugal, known then as al-Andalus. The Marinid dynasty attempted to regain it, but never succeeded. Revival of Moroccan Power In the mid-1500s, a powerful state again arose in Morocco, under the leadership of the Saadi dynasty that had taken over southern Morocco in the early 1500s. The Saadi defeated the Wattasid in 1554, and then succeeded in holding off incursions by both the Portuguese and Ottoman Empires. In 1603 a succession dispute led to a period of unrest that did not end until 1671 with the formation of the Awalite Dynasty, which still governs Morocco to this day. During the unrest, Portugal had again gained a foothold in Morocco but was again thrown out by the new leaders. European Colonization By the mid 1800s, at a time when the influence of the Ottoman Empire was in decline, France and Spain began taking a great interest in Morocco. The Algeciras Conference (1906) that followed the First Moroccan Crisis formalized Frances special interest in the region (opposed by Germany), and the Treaty of Fez (1912) made Morocco a French protectorate. Spain gained authority over Ifni (to the south) and Tà ©touan to the north. In the 1920s the Rif Berbers of Morocco, under the leadership of Muhammad Abd el-Krim, rebelled against French and Spanish authority. The short lived Rif republic was crushed by a joint French/Spanish task force in 1926. Independence In 1953 France deposed the nationalist leader and sultan Mohammed V ibn Yusuf, but both nationalist and religious groups called for his return.  France capitulated, and Mohammed V returned in 1955. On the second of March in 1956, French Morocco gained independence. Spanish Morocco, except for the two enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, gained independence in April of 1956. Mohammed V was succeeded by his son, Hasan II ibn Mohammed, upon his death in 1961. Morocco became a constitutional monarchy in 1977. When Hassan II died in 1999 he was succeeded by his thirty-five year old son, Mohammed VI ibn al-Hassan. Dispute over Western Sahara When Spain withdrew from the Spanish Sahara in 1976, Morocco claimed sovereignty in the north. The Spanish portions to the south, known as Western Sahara, were supposed to become independent, but Morocco occupied the region in the Green March. Initially, Morocco divided the territory with Mauritania, but when Mauritania withdrew in 1979, Morocco claimed the whole. The status of the territory is a deeply contentious issue, with many international bodies like the United Nations recognizing it as a non-self-governing territory called the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Revised and Expanded by Angela Thompsell Sources: Clancy-Smith, Julia Anne, North Africa, Islam, and the Mediterranean world: from the Almoravids to the Algerian War. (2001). MINURSO Background, United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara. (Accessed 18 June 2015).

Aztecs and the Aztec Civilization

Aztecs and the Aztec Civilization Aztecs are the collective name given to seven Chichimec tribes of northern Mexico, who controlled the valley of Mexico and much of central America from its capital during the Late Postclassic period from the 12th century AD until the Spanish invasion of the 15th century. The main political alliance creating the Aztec empire was called the Triple Alliance, including the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, the Acolhua of Texcoco, and the Tepaneca of Tlacopan; together they dominated most of Mexico between 1430 and 1521 AD. For a complete discussion see the Aztec Study Guide. Aztecs and their Capital City The capital city of the Aztecs was at Tenochtitlan-Tlatlelco, what is today Mexico City, and the extent of their empire covered almost all of what is today Mexico. At the time of Spanish conquest, the capital was a cosmopolitan city, with people from all over Mexico. The state language was Nahuatl and written documentation was kept on bark cloth manuscripts (most of which were destroyed by the Spanish). Those that survive, called codexes or codices (singular codex), can be found in some small cities in Mexico but also in museums around the world. A high level of stratification in Tenochtitlan included rulers, and a noble and commoner class. There were frequent ritual human sacrifices (including cannibalism to some degree), part of the military and ritual activities of the Aztec people, although it is possible and perhaps likely that these were exaggerated by the Spanish clergy. Sources An  Aztec Civilization Study Guide has been developed with loads of details on lifestyles of the Aztecs, including an overview and detailed timeline and king list. The photograph used on this page was provided by the Field Museum for a part of their new exhibit Ancient Americas. Also Known As: Mexica, Triple Alliance Examples: Azcapotzalco, Malinalco, Guingola, Yautepec, Cuanahac, Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan

Peer review for assignments about (Peripheral Nerve Stimulation by MR Assignment

Peer review for assignments about (Peripheral Nerve Stimulation by MR gradient coils) - Assignment Example Overview of the article Bottger’s paper, ‘Peripheral nerve stimulation by MR gradient coils,’ is organized into subsections with a well-outlined abstract and a conclusion. The abstract outlines the paper’s objective of discussing and understanding Peripheral nerve stimulation that results from application of MR gradient coils in imaging. The abstract also outlines the paper’s key contents such as occurrence of peripheral nerve stimulation, methods for reducing the occurrence, appropriate PNS thresholds that the body can sustain involved risks in the technology, and effects of the technology’s use. The author describes magnetic resonance as a powerful and significant tool for imaging and that can obtain high-level resolution without using ionizing radiation. The tool also helps in investigating organ function, to investigate vivo chemistry and to visualize the brain. The author also establishes the need for care in application of the technology because while high resolution images requires high strength pulse and powerful static magnetic fields, these increase chances of peripheral nerve stimulation and also risks care personnel within the imaging facility. The paper also seeks to define peripheral nerve stimulation, identify its causes and where it occurs, and discusses threshold values for imaging and strategies for reducing effects of peripheral nerve stimulation. Commendations The abstract offers a comprehensive overview of the paper and succeeds in communicating the article’s objective. It develops suspense by exploration of content headline but not actual information, a feature that can motivate a reader into the article. The author also uses simple and precise headings that are outlined conspicuously. Another outstanding element of the article is its attained credibility through reliance and acknowledgement of its sources of information. Reliability of offered information is another feature of the article be cause of consistency of offered information to other sources. Its argument that peripheral nerve stimulation causes pain, for example, is consistent with the observation that the technology may have irritable effects such as twitching of muscles on patients (Rummeny and Reimer 2009, p. 33). Schultz also supports the author’s position on causes of the stimulation, varying magnetic fields (2013, p. 4). Application of diagrams and tables also enhances the article’s ability to communicate to the audience. Affirmations A number of concerns, despite the positive attributes, however arise from the article’s content with respect to its aims and headings. Some of the article’s content is not consistent with its headings. The author does not seem to define PNS while the heading, ‘what is PNS?’ suggest the need for the definition. The audience anticipates an explicit or inferred definition but none appears. Like in the abstract, a definition of PNS is n ecessary to make the title relevant. The same concern arises with respect to the heading, ‘what are the causes of PNS’ because no explicit causes, except involved mechanism towards the stimulation, are offered. One of the possible responses would â€Å"changes at the neuromuscular junction or muscle level† (Tranquilli, Thurmon and Grimm 2013, p. 429). Significant inconsistency also exists between the abstract and headings, which communicates the author’

Marquis de Lafayette Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marquis de Lafayette - Essay Example It is unfortunate that Lafayette’s extraordinary accomplishments have faded from memory and that the thorniest issues he tackled such as racism, slavery, class difference, religious intolerance are still seen as major challenges in both America and France. On July 31, 1777, the Continental Congress introduced Lafayette, 19 to George Washington after Washington had taken command of the Colonial Army two years before and there were few foreigners interested in the American cause. Although the Congress told Washington that Lafayette’s commission was purely honorific, he was not informed about it and Washington complained about Lafayette’s expected command of a division. This made the success of American Revolution in doubt and for more than a year, there were only two critical victories in Trenton and Princeton and the army only succeeded at evasion and retreat. Washington was worried that perhaps Philadelphia could fall to the enemies and therefore the only thing h e had was the young French teenager, Lafayette (Gaines Web). Earl explains that Washington was later given a leeway on making decision regarding Lafayette’s role in the war and by September, he was riding with Washington into battle where he was wounded at Brandywine Creek (85-89). Washington’s personal physician then attended him and the history tells that Washington believed in Lafayette as a son and Lafayette treated him as a father. He treated Lafayette with fatherly tenderness however, the two men sometimes differed and could work against one another and their interaction symbolizes problematic relations between their two countries. Nevertheless, the friendship between the two continued for all the time Washington lived despite challenges and this friendship can be linked with the implausible French-American relationship. Lafayette always showed his sincere devotion and support of Washington, which made him seek for Washington’s approval before carrying out any military duty (â€Å"New-York Historical Society† Web). Volunteering to aid America in their quest to secure independence was a crucial role that Lafayette played in a foreign nation. Learning that the British troops had evacuated Philadelphia, on June 19, 1778, Washington commanded his men to pursue the British across New Jersey and Lafayette advised Washington to send more soldiers to attack the rear of the British. Lafayette, alongside other officers including Wayne and Green explained that the general attack should be initiated if the results were favourable and Washington agreed to the plan. Lafayette then asked Lee who had initially been offered the command but contemplated disaster to let him lead the command. With Washington approval, Lafayette took the command and advanced to meet the British troops but upon further consideration, lee felt that Lafayette’s success might tarnish his name against the congress (â€Å"New-York Historical Society† Web). Nevertheless, Lafayette refused to relinquish the command and he promised that he would only resign the command in favour of Lee if he does not find the enemy of which he did in the evening and lee assumed the charge of the division. Unfortunately, Washington and his men caught up with the British the following day thus prompting him to order lee to attack the enemy and that he would advance with other men to defeat the enemy. Surprisingly, upon

Compare and contrast keynesianism, monetarism, and neo-classicism how Research Paper

Compare and contrast keynesianism, monetarism, and neo-classicism how do new theories of economics develop overtime - Research Paper Example This paper is an attempt to compare and contrast some of the Macro-economic theories. Before John Maynard Keynes most of the economists of the world believed on the classical theory of macroeconomics. However, the great depression of 1930s turned the tables. The classical theory was appearing to be failing and inconsistent. That allowed a British economist; John Maynard Keynes (Coddington, pp. 23-25)to step up on the stage and present what he thought is the right way to get the economy out of the recession. This theory was the rejection of the classical theory. According to Keynes and his followers, the supply side economics of the classical theory is an obsolete concept (Coddington, pp. 23-25). If the output and employment need to be altered, only the Aggregate Demand had the capability to affect these factors. Therefore, the economy should be a demand side or aggregate demand centered economy. In addition, Keynes and his followers were of the opinion that the aggregate demand of an economy can be calculated by taking â€Å"the summation of government spending, consumption, investment, net exports and others† (Coddington, pp. 37-43). Therefore, by varying the consumption levels and spending by the government, the levels of employment and total output of the economy affects. Keynes also argued that the full employment level of output cannot be achieved and the assumption of classical economists of full employment level of output is not realistic (Coddington, pp. 37-43). Money demand and Money supply are important factors in dealing with the economy. Conversely, this brought up the idea of the LM and IS curve. Furthermore, the point were IS and LM are equal determines the level of output and interest rate. All these assumptions and arguments also indicated that according to Keynes, there is no â€Å"invisible hand† in economy and government intervention is nece ssary to achieve the desired results (Baumol, & Blinder, pp.

Analysis of Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd

Analysis of Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd The relatively short and significant judgment in the Supreme Court case of Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd has gathered vociferous interest from academics and practitioners. It was of key interest as it was a legal cross over between family law and company law. The legal team representing Prest stated that the decision is of major importance not only for family law and divorcing couples, but also for company law, and it is the most important reviews since Victorian times on the law regarding piercing the corporate veil.[2] The principles of lifting the corporate veil for the past eight decades seemed to have never been wholly established as judges always contradicted each other and never reached a unanimous decision. There has been extensive discussion as to whether a court can ignore the principle of separate legal personality and treat a companys property, rights and obligations as belonging to a person who owns and controls the company.[3] The critical points which would be analyse d in this essay would be whether Prest has brought us closer to what the principle of lifting the corporate veil can be defined as, what it entails or whether the whole doctrine should be set aside. It will be argued that the law should not be given its quietus as it seems that judges are somewhat getting closer to an answer. Prest narrowed the circumstances in which the doctrine may apply thus, this could show that decision makers are near the end of a long marathon. On the contrary, it seems that even if the doctrine is set aside, the principles would still be applied unknowingly by judges, it would perhaps not be defined as piercing the veil doctrine. It would possibly be applied in conjunction with other laws which would have the same effect and outcome as piercing the corporate veil. Lifting the corporate veil has been viewed narrowly to be the process used by the courts to either determine what exactly is going on behind the shell of incorporation. The whole concept of lifting the veil was derived from Salomon v Salomon[4] where corporate veil was established. It was held that a limited company was viewed like any other independent person with its right and liabilities appropriate to itself[5] The Salomon principle has been the foundation on which company law and business corporations have thrived on for years.[6] When taking into consideration how the law has developed in this area, Cheung describes that it is evident the House of Lords decision in Woolfson [7] came to be source for guidance in subsequent cases. More importantly, the HL emphasised that it is only appropriate to pierce the corporate veil where the circumstances indicate that the company is merely a faà §ade concealing true facts. However, despite this important distinction, the courts have alwa ys been wary that there must be some limit to the protection afforded by limited liability to ensure that business dealings remain honest. As Lazarus[8] explained no court will allow a person to keep an advantage which had been obtained by fraud[9] This principle underpinned all of the early attempts to pierce the veil meaning that the court will not allow a corporate personality to be used to protect individuals from wrongdoing. Similarly, Lord Sumption explains piercing the corporate veil means disregarding the separate personality of the company[10] Moreover, as per Lord Keith in Woolfson,[11] he states it is appropriate to pierce the corporate veil only where special circumstances exist[12] Consequently, right from the onset, there were conflicting views. The reception which the doctrine received forty years ago is still echoed to this day in Prest. The court reaffirmed in Prest the well-established judicial conservatism approach that the corporate veil could only be pierced in very rare cases[13] Therefore, despite the doctrine not being clear, it is well established that the doctrine is not be considered in all corporate cases but, ought to be considered only rare ones. On the other hand,it can be argued, that the strictness of the approach led to the doctrine existing more as a matter of legal theory than as a feature of legal practice. Prior to Prest, in Lipman,[14]the only way to lift the veil was if the company was regarded as a sham or mere faà §ade. In Smallbone,[15]Sir Morritt brought forward the argument that it is uncertain as to which circumstances a company can be considered as a sham or whether the company need to do something illegal for immorality to suffice.[16] Hence, this suggests that there is no clear structure to be followed. This could create further confusion as to what the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil originally intended to do. Could this perhaps suggest that it is better to abandon the doctrine as a whole rather than to try and figure out what the principle actually proposes to do. This could perhaps create more clarity in the sense that decision makers would know what is not meant to be included in the doctrine. Furthermore, this can be mirrored in Prest where Lady Hale and Lord Wilson doubted whether it is possible to classify all cases neatly into cases of either concealment or evasion[17] Therefore, even to this day there are a lot of question marks as to when and how the doctrine is applied; there are still a lot of unanswered questions which have not been dealt with. It seems that the judges only deal with these when and how it comes. It can be contended that the doctrine is there but, no one has yet connected the dots to see the full picture of what it entails. The fact that none of these questions seem to provide a clear picture further creates problems today as for a doctrine to develop or adapt to the new changes, the reasonings behind the past decision needs to be understood thus, if one cannot do that then how can the doctrine be established. Notwithstanding, since Prest, it is no longer sufficient for a company to show that it is a mere faà §ade or a sham;[18] one must show that control of the company by the wrongdoer was used as a device to conceal the wrongdoing.[19] A new provision on how the doctrine should be established was brought in Prest. Over the past eighty years, there has been many interpretations. Most recently, analysed by Lord Sumption where he identified the concealment and evasion principle. In Prest, Lord Sumption argued for a narrower and clearer approach by restricting the circumstances in which the veil may be pierced. This was because references to a faà §ade or sham beg too many questions to provide a satisfactory answer[20] He attempted to give an explanation; He stated that the veil would be restricted to two principles: the concealment principle and the evasion principle.[21] The concealment principles is the interposition of a company or perhaps several companies so as to conceal the real ac tors[22] But, he noted that this does not actually involve piercing the veil; the court is simply looking behind the faà §ade to discover the true facts.[23] Contrarily, the evasion principle applies where a person is under an existing legal obligation which he deliberately evades by interposing a company under his control.[24] However, despite the two approaches being somewhat clear; Lord Alcock observes that care must be taken because none of the other six justices of the Supreme Court agreed with Lord Sumption without some qualifications[25] He also points out that there is substantial uncertainty surrounding the operation of the evasion principle.[26] Most significantly, Neuberger also found that in cases where piercing the veil was considered, it either did not apply in the facts, or it was applied on the facts but the results could have been arrived at on some other legal basis.[27] On these grounds, this could show that the doctrine does not necessarily need to exist as the same outcome can be arrived on some other legal basis. It can be indicated that the doctrine could perhaps only exist to give reassurance to corporate businesses in order to ensure them that they have a sense of security in case something goes wrong, but in reality, it does not exist and is rarely applied. Undoubtedly, Lord Neuberger drew different conclusions regarding the application of the principle. He argued that there is not much support for the doctrine.[28] He observed that there is no English case which unequivocally underpinned a power to lift the veil[29]; however, recognition is given to a limited power as a valuable judicial tool to undo wrongdoing in cases where no other solution exist[30] It gives the impression that every judge will come up with a new principle every now and again which would be relied upon but then a couple of years after, a new judge will find criticism in the doctrine. It seems that it is going around in a vicious circle without reaching an end-po int. Additionally, Lord Sumptions principle brought further opposition. Lord Mance argued that It is dangerous to seek to foreclose all possible future situations which may arise and I would not wish to do so[31] Furthermore, it should be considered that Prest only dealt with one specific class of asset which were held by those of corporate entities. The decision shows that an application of company law principles is required when determining the ownership of those assets.[32] Henceforth, this shows that Prest only narrowed only one specific factor in piercing the corporate veil, a factor which cannot be used in all cases. This further shows that we are no closer to an answer of lifting the corporate veil. Contrarily to the above, despite there not being a set doctrine, it seems that the Lordships all agree on one aspect. In Prest, they all accepted the existence of a general common law veil piercing as being limited to rare and exceptional circumstances.[33] Lord Clarke argued that Sumptions distinction the circumstances in which the doctrine apply are rare[34] This similar reaction has been echoed in the past. It can be thus shown, that not much has changed and the decision makers are still unsure as to when the doctrine can be applied. In 2017, it is very difficult to predict what the future path for the doctrine will take as there are many conflicts on this topic even from the Supreme Court judges. As stated above, Lord Neuberger, Lord Clarke and Lady Hale were not entirely convinced on the validity of the doctrine and seeing it as merely a metaphor which was unclear and inchoherent. This was contrasted with Lord Mance and Lord Walker who are very much in favour of keeping the doct rine. On the other hand, Lord Neuberger who had initially been in favour of giving the doctrine its quietus because it had been misapplied in the eighty years indicates that the obiter by Lord Sumption is very influential and could prove to be important in future cases. Hence, this further indicates that there are still many uncertainties within the doctrine itself. It can be indicated that if Prest was successful in providing a set answer as to what piercing the corporate veil entails then there would have been many cases which would have pierced the veil post Prest. For some the most helpful case is the decision in Pennyfeathers limited v Pennyfeathers property company limited.[35] It is said to be a better example of facts for giving rise to the principle of piercing the veil. Provided that the principle was to be properly established then there is one thing that all decision makers would agree upon which would be that the company was used in an attempt to immunise himself from the liability of wrongdoing[36] This is consistent in DHN[37] just as much as it is in Gramsci.[38] It seems that in every case that involves piercing the veil, the defendants always argue that there is no such thing as piercing the corporate veil[39] thus, could it be that many wrongdoers have been able to escape liabilities simply because the doctrine was not well es tablished. The new approach found in VTB[40]and Prest significantly restrictive approach to piercing the corporate veil which in effect has relegated the doctrine to a principle of last resort.[41] Post Prest cases such as R v McDowell[42] and R v Singh[43] shows that the superior courts exercising restraint in disturbing the principle in Salomon.[44] It therefore appears that where litigants can show that the relevant tests are satisfied, the courts will allow them to obtain judgement against assets that were intentionally placed out of their reach. However, these cases are and will remain exceptional. More recently, in Akzo Nobel[45] in its arguments had suggested that the Competition Commission had tried to attribute the activities of the subsidiaries to Akzo Nobel which was in effect piercing the corporate veil.[46] It could be considered that an alternative approach would be to put the doctrine on a statutory basis so that the courts would have a guide to follow instead of consistently establishing conflicting views between themselves. However, this could prevent flexibility of the courts whilst it faces complex issues which cannot be foreseen by statute. On the other side of the coin, it would be less harmful than having ambiguous rules. Furthermore, there could be an extension which established distinct body rules for corporate groups such as in Germany. The interest of the whole group both financial and non- financial matters would be recognised. Moreover, another approach could be piercing the veil by removing limited liability towards involuntary creditors, notably tort victims. In Chandler v Cape,[47] it introduced some basis for this approach whilst imposing liability on a parent company by suggesting that the parent company has a duty to the employees of its subsidiary company. To conclude, it has been suggested by academic commentary that the decision reflects a progressive trend of restricting the doctrine.[48] However, it can be contemplated that slightly narrowing a doctrine which Supreme Court judges do not agree with does not mean that it is progressive.[49] If one keeps on rebutting every proposal that is brought forward then that is not progressive, it does not feel like any decision makers has tried to find a solution for this problem. It can be disputed that this is a never ending vicious circle.  It seems as if it is an entertaining ground for judges to see what new solution can be made this time around. Prest brings a new kind of uncertainty.[50] However, Prest does confirm that the veil would only be pierced in exceptional circumstances. There is one basis which all judges approve which is that the veil is only to be pierced in exceptional circumstances. This could perhaps be a starting point of a well-established doctrine. It can be contende d that, even if the doctrine is given is quietus, judges would still apply the principles of piercing the veil unknowingly. This decision can be derived from another legal basis but, it will have the same outcome. Thus, even if it is given its quietus, the doctrine would still be there transparently. It seems that we are at a halt with the long marathon until, a case can fully apply the two provisions in Prest. Bibliography Practitioners Textbooks Palmers Company Law Books A Digman A, John Lowry, Company Law (8th edn OUP Oxford) Birds J, Boyle Clark B et al, company Law (9th edn, Jordan Publishing) Dr Wilde C, Smith and Keenans Company Law ( 17th edn Pearson) Lowry J, and Arad Reisberg, Company Law Corporate Finance (4th Edn, Pearson Journals Akansha Dubey et al, Family Law (2014) 3(1) A Alcock piercing the veil- A dodo of a Doctrine (2013) 25 denning LJ 241,243 A Bowden Concealment, Evasion and Piercing the corporate veil: Prest v Peterodel Resources Ltd [2013], Greens Business law, April 2014 Bull S, piercing the corporate veil in England and Singapore [2014] Heinonline C Hare, Piercing the corporate veil in the supreme court (again)- The Cambridge Law Journal, 72 [2013] 511-515 Chrysthis N Papacleovoulou, lifting or piercing, the corporate veil in Cyprus: a doctrine under challenge- an analysis of English and Cyprus case Law analysis (2016) 27 (4) ICCLR D Lightman, Petrodel Resources Ltd v Prest: Where are we now? Trust Trustees (2013) 19 (9):877 J McDonagh, Piercing the corporate veil in the family division: Prest the latest from the court of appeal- Trust and Trustees (2013) 19 (2) 137 J Payne Lifting the corporate veil: A reassessment of the fraud exception Cambridge law Journal, 56 (2) July 1997 Mujih E, Piercing the corporate veil as a remedy after Prest V Petrodel resources Ltd: Inching towards Abolition [2016] Westlaw 17,17 Pey Woan Lee, The Enigma of Veil- Piercing (2015) 26 (1) ICCLR 28, 30 Spears, Expert analysis of the Prest Judgement (Spears ,11 June 2013) Tan Cheng-Han, Veil piecing- a fresh start (2015) 1 JBL Online Articles Spears, Expert analysis of the Prest Judgement (Spears ,11 June 2013) http:///www.spearswms.com/expert-analysis-of-the-Prest-judgment/> accessed 8th March 2017 Simon Mcleod- The Corporate Veil And Its Piercing As Clear As? http://gdknowledge.co.uk/the-corporate-veil-and-its-piercing-as-clear-as/ >accessed 20th February 2017 Cases Akzo Nobel NV v Competition Commission [2013] CAT 13 Antonio Gramsci Shipping Corp ors v Aivars Lembergs [2013] EWCA Civ 730 DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council [1976] 1 WLR 852 Lazarus Estates Ltd v Beasley [1956] 1 QB 702 Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd UKSC 34, [2013] R v McDowell [2015] EWCA Crim 173 R v Singh [2015] EWCA Crim 173 Salomon v Salomon [1896] UKHL 1 Trustor AB v Smallbone (No 2) [2001] EWHC 703 VTB Capital plc v Nutritek International Corp [2013] UKSC 5 Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council [1978] UKHL 5 [1] Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd UKSC 34, [2013] [2] Spears, Expert analysis of the Prest Judgement (Spears ,11 June 2013) http:///www.spearswms.com/expert-analysis-of-the-Prest-judgment/> accessed 8th March 2017 [3] French D, Mayson S Ryan C, Company law (31st edn, OUP) 127 [4] Salomon v Salomon [1896] UKHL 1 [5] Lord Halsbury Salomon v Salomon [98] [6] Lowry J, and Arad Reisberg, Company Law Corporate Finance (4th Edn, Pearson) 35 [7] Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council [1978] UKHL 5 [8] Lazarus Estates Ltd v Beasley [1956] 1 QB 702 [9] Ibid [10] Prest Lord Sumption [16] [11] Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council [1978] UKHL 5 [12] Paragraph 90 lord Ketih [13] Prest [103] Lord Clarke [14] Jones v Lipman [15] Trustor AB v Smallbone (No 2) [2001] EWHC 703 [16] Ibid [17] Ibid [92] Lady Hale [18] Jones v Lipman [44] [19] Birds J, Boyle Clark B et al, company Law (9th edn, Jordan Publishing) 60 [20] Prest [28] (lord Sumption) [21] Pret [28] Lord Sumption [22] Ibid [23] Ibid [24] Ibid [35] [25] Alistair Alcock piercing the veil- A dodo of a Doctrine (2013) 25 denning LJ 241,243 [26] Pey Woan Lee, The Enigma of Veil- Piercing (2015) 26 (1) ICCLR 28, 30 [27] Prest [74] Lord Neuberger [28] Prest [69] (lord Neuberger) Alistar Alcock (n 18) 250 [29] Ibid [30] Ibid [31] Ibid [100] Lord Mance [32] Piercing the corporate veil in the family division: Prest the latest from the court of appeal- Trust and Trustees (2013) 19 (2) 137 [33] Piercing the corporate veil in the supreme court (again)- The Cambridge Law Journal, 72 [2013] 511-515 [34] Ibid [103] Lord Clarke [35] Pennyfeathers limited v Pennyfeathers property company limited [2013] EWHC 3530 (Ch) [36] Gramsci. Burton J [101] [37] DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council [1976] 1 WLR 852 [38] Antonio Gramsci Shipping Corp ors v Aivars Lembergs [2013] EWCA Civ 730 [39] Ibid [40] VTB Capital plc v Nutritek International Corp [2013] UKSC 5 [41] Bull S, piercing the corporate veil in England and Singapore [2014] Heinonline 39,39 [42] R v Singh [2015] EWCA Crim 173 [43] R v McDowell [2015] EWCA Crim 173 [44] Mujih E, Piercing the corporate veil as a remedy after Prest V Petrodel resources Ltd: Inching towards Abolition [2016] Westlaw 17,17 [45] Akzo Nobel NV v Competition Commission [2013] CAT 13 [46] Simon McLeod- The Corporate Veil And Its Piercing As Clear As? http://gdknowledge.co.uk/the-corporate-veil-and-its-piercing-as-clear-as/ accessed 20th February 2017 [47] Chandler v Cape plc [2012] EWCA Civ 525 [48] Akansha Dubey et al, Family Law (2014) 3(1) 214,217 [49] Tan Cheng-Han, Veil piecing- a fresh start (2015) 1 JBL 20,21 [50] Chrysthis N Papacleovoulou, lifting or piercing, the corporate veil in Cyprus: a doctrine under challenge- an analysis of English and Cyprus case Law analysis (2016) 27 (4) ICCLR 129,130